The Effectiveness of Health Promotion on Breast Self-Examination Ability In Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Breast cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Early detection through Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is an inexpensive and accessible method that increases survival rates. However, the practice of BSE among women is still low, indicating the need for effective health promotion programs.    
Methods: A review of 25 experimental and quasi-experimental studies published between 2021 and 2025 was conducted. Articles were obtained from Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar databases. Data were analyzed by identifying study design, sample characteristics, type of intervention, and outcomes.
Results: Most studies reported significant increases in knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and BSE skills (p < 0.05). Theory-based interventions such as the Theory of Planned Behavior strengthened behavioral intentions. Digital platforms—mobile applications, WhatsApp, and animated videos—improved knowledge and practice. Simulation-based training produced the highest improvement in practical skills and self-confidence. Programs that combined face-to-face and digital methods yielded more optimal outcomes than single approaches.
Conclusion: Health promotion interventions effectively enhance women’s knowledge, attitudes, skills, and confidence in performing BSE. Integrating education, digital media, and simulation training can strengthen breast cancer early detection programs in community settings.