Errors in pre-analytical procedures of pathological samples and their bioethical implications

Abstract

Introduction: Errors in the pre-analytical phase of pathological samples constitute the main source of failures in histopathology, accounting for approximately 70% of laboratory incidents. This study aimed to identify errors in pre-analytical procedures of pathological samples and their bioethical implications. Methodology: A descriptive analysis was carried out based on recent studies and a literature review on pre-analytical errors in pathology, considering both technical aspects and ethical and legal implications. Results: Frequent errors identified included: mislabeled or partially labeled samples, incomplete requests, inadequate fixation, incorrect transportation, and insufficient staff training. These shortcomings led to misdiagnoses, treatment delays, additional costs, and loss of trust in the healthcare system. Reviewed studies indicated that the implementation of standardized protocols, electronic recording systems, and quality indicators significantly reduced the incidence of errors. However, limitations persist in the allocation of responsibilities and in staff training. Conclusions: Pre-analytical errors undermine fundamental bioethical principles, generate clinical and legal repercussions, and affect professional responsibility. It is essential to establish uniform protocols, strengthen training in bioethics, and ensure continuous staff education. The adoption of electronic control systems and international standards represents a key strategy to improve service quality and safeguard patient well-being.