Exploring Glycogen Processing Enzymes in Trichomonas vaginalis: Cloning,Characterization and Implications for Carbohydrate Metabolism and CervicalCancer Risk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2025776Keywords:
Trichomonas Vaginalis (T.vaginalis), Glycogen, TVAG 276310, TVAG_080000 ORFAbstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, often known as T. vaginalis, is a protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted disease (STD) and a serious human pathogen. Glycogen is a branching polymer of glucose that the individual has been identified to accumulate for an elongated instance and then use when carbohydrates are insufficient. The crucial enzymes involved in glycogen production and investigate; Trichomonas vaginalis glycogen (TVG) syntheses and glycogen phosphorylase were considered. Research found that their regulatory features were different from known enzymes in animals and fungi. Bacterial recombinant synthesis of the open reading frames (ORF) TVAG 276310 produced proteins exhibiting branch and de-branch activity. Specifically, transgenic TVAG_276310 shows a preference for polysaccharides with long outside branches, which can include a substance and amylose undergrowth. Three proteins encompassed in the glucosidase formulation were identified by fluid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The most notable was a putative-amylase, encoded by the TVAG_080000 ORF. Glycogen increase and branching were standardized after transgenic production of yeast cells devoid of enzyme movement that branches or de-branch glycogen.
References
1. Margarita V, Bailey NP, Rappelli P, Diaz N, Dessì D, Fettweis JM, Hirt RP, Fiori PL. Two different species of Mycoplasma endosymbionts can influence Trichomonas vaginalis pathophysiology. MBio. 2022 Jun 28;13(3):e00918-22. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00918-22
2. Brunner A, Medvecz M, Makra N, Sárdy M, Komka K, Gugolya M, Szabó D, Gajdács M, Ostorházi E. Human beta defensin levels and vaginal microbiome composition in post-menopausal women diagnosed with lichen sclerosus. Scientific Reports. 2021 Aug 6;11(1):15999. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94880-4
3. AN Y, MB A, CS M, SD L. Expression profiling of renal epithelial neoplasms: a method for tumor classification and discovery of diagnostic molecular markers. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64120-X
4. Lagunas-Rangel FA. Exploration of Giardia small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and their possible microRNA derivatives. Parasitology. 2024 May;151(6):539-45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118202400060X
5. Ong SC, Luo HW, Cheng WH, Ku FM, Tsai CY, Huang PJ, Lee CC, Yeh YM, Lin R, Chiu CH, Tang P. The core exosome proteome of Trichomonas vaginalis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2024 Apr 1;57(2):246-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2024.02.003
6. Baer AK. An investigation into host-defensive mechanisms by Lactobacillus species against pathogenic T. vaginalis (Doctoral dissertation, Research Space@ Auckland).
7. Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, Cernava T, Vergès MC, Charles T, Chen X, Cocolin L, Eversole K, Corral GH, Kazou M. Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome. 2020 Dec;8:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00875-0
8. Wang X, Zhang P, Zhang X. Probiotics regulate gut microbiota: an effective method to improve immunity. Molecules. 2021 Oct 8;26(19):6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196076
9. Marconi C, El-Zein M, Ravel J, Ma B, Lima MD, Carvalho NS, Alves RR, Parada CM, Leite SH, Giraldo PC, Gonçalves AK. Characterization of the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age from 5 regions in Brazil. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2020 Aug 1;47(8):562-9.DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001204
10. Vaca GB. Topical Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as a Multipurpose Prevention Technology Offering Contraception and Decreased Transmission of HIV-1 and Trichomonas vaginalis (Doctoral dissertation, Boston University).
11. Riestra AM, de Miguel N, Dessi D, Simoes-Barbosa A, Mercer FK. Trichomonas vaginalis: lifestyle, cellular biology, and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. InLifecycles of pathogenic protists in humans 2022 Jan 31 (pp. 541-617). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80682-8_12
12. Nunn KL, Ridenhour BJ, Chester EM, Vitzthum VJ, Fortenberry JD, Forney LJ. Vaginal glycogen, not estradiol, is associated with vaginal bacterial community composition in black adolescent women. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2019 Jul 1;65(1):130-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.010
13. Lamien-Meda A, Leitsch D. Identification of the NADH-oxidase gene in Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology Research. 2020 Feb;119(2):683-6. https://doi.org/1010.1007/s00436-019-06572-8
14. Kocer S, Mutlu O. Identification of potential inhibitors of Trichomonas vaginalis iron-containing superoxide dismutase by computer-aided drug design approach. Structural Chemistry. 2021 Oct;32:1873-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-021-01766-2
15. Li Y, Wang S, Li H, Song X, Zhang H, Duan Y, Luo C, Wang B, Ji S, Xie Q, Zhang Z. Development of a convenient detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting adhesion protein 65. BMC infectious diseases. 2020 Dec;20:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05048-w
16. Molgora BM, Rai AK, Sweredoski MJ, Moradian A, Hess S, Johnson et al. vaginalis surface protein modulates parasite attachment via protein: Host cell proteoglycan interaction. MBio. 2021 Feb 23;12(1):10-128. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03374-20
17. Fang YK, Huang KY, Huang PJ, Lin R, Chao M, Tang P. Gene-expression analysis of cold-stress response in the sexually transmitted protist Trichomonas vaginalis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2015 Dec 1;48(6):662-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2014.07.013
18. Natto MJ, Miyamoto Y, Munday JC, AlSiari TA, Al‐Salabi MI, Quashie NB, Eze AA, Eckmann L, De Koning HP. Comprehensive characterization of purine and pyrimidine transport activities in Trichomonas vaginalis and functional cloning of a trichomonad nucleoside transporter. Molecular microbiology. 2021 Dec;116(6):1489-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.14840
19. Navarro S, Abla H, Delgado B, Colmer-Hamood JA, Ventolini G, Hamood AN. Glycogen availability and pH variation in a medium simulating vaginal fluid influence the growth of vaginal Lactobacillus species and Gardnerella vaginalis. BMC microbiology. 2023 Jul 13;23(1):186. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02916-8
20. Cheng WH, Huang PJ, Lee CC, Yeh YM, Ong SC, Lin R, Ku FM, Chiu CH, Tang P. Metabolomics analysis reveals changes related to pseudocyst formation induced by iron depletion in Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasites & Vectors. 2023 Jul 6;16(1):226. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05842-w
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Devanshu J. Patel, Divya Sharma, Shubhansh Bansal, Dheeravath Raju, Kabita Chanania, Manisha Laddad (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
