Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biofilm Formation: Analysis of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Healthcare Provider White Uniforms: A prospective study for cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2025623Keywords:
Biofilm, drug, staphylococcus, resistance, MRSA, academic environmentsAbstract
The pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus poses a substantial hazard to human health, particularly when treatment resistance occurs, complicating infection management. The prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus Aureus (S. aureus) isolated from the white coats of Science students were investigated in research. Bacterial samples were collected, and S. aureus was identified in nearly half of them, demonstrating significant contamination. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found to be significantly prevalent, and antibiotic susceptibility tests showed substantial resistance rates, especially against erythromycin and penicillin. Isolates frequently formed biofilms, indicating their capacity for persistence and adherence. Statistical analysis, including the Chi-Square test, indicated no significant association between gender and S. aureus contamination, while Cohen’s Kappa analysis demonstrated moderate agreement between phenotypic and genotypic MRSA detection methods. These findings underscore the importance of strict biosafety measures in clinical and academic settings to mitigate the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and biofilm-forming bacteria.
References
1. Alshangiti DM, El-Damhougy TK, Zaher A, Madani M. Revolutionizing biomedicine: Advancements, applications, and prospects of nanocomposite macromolecular carbohydrate-based hydrogel biomaterials: A review. RSC advances. 2023;13(50):35251-91.https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA07391B
2. Pullangott G, Kannan U, Gayathri S, Kiran DV, Maliyekkal SM. A comprehensive review on antimicrobial face masks: an emerging weapon in fighting pandemics. RSC advances. 2021;11(12):6544-76.https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA10009A
3. Mosselhy DA, Assad M, Sironen T, Elbahri M. Nanotheranostics: a possible solution for drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their biofilms?. Nanomaterials. 2021 Jan 2;11(1):82.https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010082
4. Henriquez E, Fatima N, Sayabugari R, Nasim MH, Noorayingarath H, Bai K, Garcia A, Habib A, Patel TP, Shaikh F, Razzaq W. Transesophageal Echocardiography vs. Transthoracic Echocardiography for Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis. Cureus. 2023 Jun 5;15(6).DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39996
5. Belikova D, Jochim A, Power J, Holden MT, Heilbronner S. “Gene accordions” cause genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity in clonal populations of Staphylococcus aureus. Nature Communications. 2020 Jul 14;11(1):3526.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17277-3
6. Zhang F, Ding Q, Shi F, Han Q, Li C, Dong B, Xu L, Wang L, Kim JS. Bio-sniffers for biomarkers of oral diseases in exhaled breath: State of art and future trends. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2024 Feb 15; 501:215574.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215574
7. Lena P, Karageorgos SA, Loutsiou P, Poupazi A, Lamnisos D, Papageorgis P, Tsioutis C. Multidrug-resistant bacteria on healthcare workers’ uniforms in hospitals and long-term care facilities in cyprus. Antibiotics. 2021 Dec 31;11(1):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010049
8. Willis JA, Cheburkanov V, Chen S, Soares JM, Kassab G, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS, de Figueiredo P, Yakovlev VV. Breaking down antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Combining antimicrobial photodynamic and antibiotic treatments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2022 Sep 6;119(36):e2208378119.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2208378119
9. Choudhury M, Bindra HS, Singh K, Singh AK, Nayak R. Antimicrobial polymeric composites in consumer goods and healthcare sector: A healthier way to prevent infection. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2022 Jul;33(7):1997-2024.https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5660
10. Owen L, Laird K. Development of a silver‐based dual‐function antimicrobial laundry additive and textile coating for the decontamination of healthcare laundry. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2021 Apr 1;130(4):1012-22. 10.1111/jam.14850
11. Mishra SK, Maharjan S, Yadav SK, Sah NP, Sharma S, Parajuli K, Sherchand JB. Bacteria on medical professionals’ white coats in a university hospital. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2020;2020(1):5957284.https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5957284
12. Shanmugam K, Sarveswari HB, Udayashankar A, Swamy SS, Pudipeddi A, Shanmugam T, Solomon AP, Neelakantan P. Guardian genes ensuring subsistence of oral Streptococcus mutans. Critical reviews in microbiology. 2020 Jul 3;46(4):475-91.https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1796579
13. Goyal S, Khot SC, Ramachandran V, Shah KP, Musher DM. Bacterial contamination of medical providers’ white coats and surgical scrubs: a systematic review. American journal of infection control. 2019 Aug 1;47(8):994-1001.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.01.012
14. Suliman OA, Kattan WM, Marglani OA, Raza SA, Felimban RA, Alzahrani MK, Bahri SE, Jameel WS, Alknawy M, Tantawy EA, Sheerin SN. The relationship between traditional dress and bacterial contamination in the hospital setting-a cross sectional study. Human Factors in Healthcare. 2021 Dec 1; 1:100002.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2021.100002
15. Al-Sultan SA, Khabbaz SM, Al-Sharbaty MA. Bacterial contamination of health care workers. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences. 2020;14(2):2805-9.
16. AlSalman JM, AlAlwan YN, Rajab MR, Saeed NK. Bugs on cuffs and pockets: A cross-sectional Study of the contamination of healthcare personnel attire at salmanyia medical complex. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2019 Feb 10;9(1).DOI: 10.3823/828
17. Abu Radwan M, Ahmad M. The microorganisms on nurses’ and health care workers’ uniforms in the intensive care units. Clinical Nursing Research. 2019 Jan;28(1):94-106.https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773817708934
18. Ambrosch A, Wahrburg K, Klawonn F. Bacterial load and pathogenic species on healthcare personnel attire: implications of alcohol hand-rub use, profession, and time of duty. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2019 Apr 1;101(4):414-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.10.017
19. Iqbal S, Ahmed S, Aslam A, Kashif M, Khan I, Khan N. microbial flora on the white coats of dental staff, Karachi. Int J Endorsing Health Sci Res. 2020;8(1):21-7.https://doi.org/10.29052/ijehsr_cm_policy
20. Daraniyagala H, Dahanayake O, Dasanayake A, Dayarathna P, Dayarathna S, Dayasiri K, De Silva D, De Silva S, De Silva N, De Silva D, De Zoysa D. Contamination of Clinical White Coats with Potential Pathogens and their Antibiotic Resistant Phenotypes Among a Group of Sri Lankan Medical Students. International Journal of Medical Students. 2023 Mar 31;11(1):52-7. DOI:10.5195/ijms.2023.1856
21. El-Nagdy AH, Abdel-Fattah GM, Emarah Z. Detection and control of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus from febrile neutropenic patient. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2020 Sep 7:3091-101.https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S259914
22. Abidoye, I.O., Characterization Of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Door Handles In New Daniel Hall, Mountain Top University. 2022.
23. Singh I, Roshan M, Vats A, Behera M, Gautam D, Rajput S, Rana C, De S. Evaluation of virulence, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm forming potential of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from bovine suspected with mastitis. Current Microbiology. 2023 Jun;80(6):198.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03303-2
24. Mirzaie, A., Peirovi, N., Akbarzadeh, I., Moghtaderi, M., Heidari, F., Yeganeh, F.E., Noorbazargan, H., Mirzazadeh, S. and Bakhtiari, R., 2020. Preparation and optimization of ciprofloxacin encapsulated niosomes: A new approach for enhanced antibacterial activity, biofilm inhibition and reduced antibiotic resistance in ciprofloxacin-resistant methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorganic chemistry, 103, p.104231.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104231
25. Ly KL, Colon-Ascanio M, Ou J, Wang H, Lee SW, Wang Y, Choy JS, Phillips KS, Luo X. Dissolvable alginate hydrogel-based biofilm microreactors for antibiotic susceptibility assays. Biofilm. 2023 Dec 1; 5:100103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100103
26. Lena P, Ishak A, Karageorgos SA, Tsioutis C. Presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Mrsa) on healthcare workers’ attire: A systematic review. Tropical medicine and infectious disease. 2021 Mar 31;6(2):42.https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020042.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Astha Chaudhry, Lalit Khanna, Rajashree Panigrahi, Pavas Saini, Nagireddy Mounika, S. Pradeep (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.