Assessing Antimicrobial Resistance in Microbial Species from Infected Wounds: A Retrospective perspective View on cancer patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2025593Keywords:
Microbial Species, Infected Wounds, Antimicrobial ResistanceAbstract
Background: Conducting an infection evaluation based on microbiological scrutiny, wound evaluation, and infection indicators identification takes a great deal of time, the appropriate tools, and highly skilled personnel. The use of antibiotics and wound healing are the two main strategies required to prevent and manage infections. The medical care of wound infections has made antibiotic resistance an issue of worldwide attention. This research was conducted retrospectively to identify the microorganisms that cause wound infections and their pattern of resistance to treatment.
Methods: 315 samples from burn wounds that were infected were used in this investigation. The species that had been divided apart by culture techniques were identified and evaluated using the defunct automated system. Next, several antibiotic susceptibility patterns were applied to the species.
Results: Gram-negative species made up the majority of the species, among the most common are Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strain Staphylococcus aureus accounted for the total number of gram-positive bacteria, with these samples identified isolates had a multi-drug resistance to at least five antibiotics, compared to isolates with at least one antibiotic resistance. Although individuals noted concurrent infections and multi-drug resistance organisms were not as common at the wound site.
Conclusion: These circumstances make getting rid of the germs harder. Antibiotic resistance can be stopped and wound healing can be promoted by addressing the poly-microbial infection and multidrug-resistant bacteria that were found, then treating the infection with the appropriate medication.
References
1. Bottery MJ, Pitchford JW, Friman VP. Ecology and evolution of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial communities. The ISME Journal. 2021 Apr;15(4):939-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00832-7
2. Bowler P, Murphy C, Wolcott R. Biofilm exacerbates antibiotic resistance: Is this a current oversight in antimicrobial stewardship?. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 2020 Dec;9(1):1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00830-6
3. Han, S.K. Basics of wound healing. In Innovations and Advances in Wound Healing (pp. 1-42). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9805-8_1
4. Li, S., Renick, P., Senkowsky, J., Nair, A. and Tang, L. Diagnostics for wound infections. Advances in wound care. 2021. 10(6): 317-327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2019.1103
5. Ferreira M, Ogren M, Dias JN, Silva M, Gil S, Tavares L, et al., Liposomes as antibiotic delivery systems: A promising nanotechnological strategy against antimicrobial resistance. Molecules. 2021 Apr 2;26(7):2047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072047
6. Abdalla, A.K., Ayyash, M.M., Olaimat, A.N., Osaili, T.M., Al-Nabulsi, A.A., Shah, N.P. and Holley, R. Exopolysaccharides as antimicrobial agents: Mechanism and spectrum of activity. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 12: 664395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.664395
7. Abdalla, S.S., Katas, H., Azmi, F. and Busra, M.F.M. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm biosynthesised silver and gold nanoparticles for medical applications: Mechanism of action, toxicity and current status. Current drug delivery. 2020 17(2):88-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201817666191227094334
8. Jamaledin R, Yiu CK, Zare EN, Niu LN, Vecchione R, Chen G. Advances in antimicrobial microneedle patches for combating infections. Advanced Materials. 2020 Aug;32(33):2002129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002129
9. Majumder, M.A.A., Rahman, S., Cohall, D., Bharatha, A., Singh, K., Haque, M. and Gittens-St Hilaire, M. Antimicrobial stewardship: fighting antimicrobial resistance and protecting global public health. Infection and drug resistance. 2020:4713-4738. DOI: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3398-8695
10. Kot B, Wierzchowska K, Piechota M, Grużewska A. Antimicrobial resistance patterns in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from patients hospitalized during 2015–2017 in hospitals in Poland. Medical Principles and Practice. 2020 Jul 1;29(1):61-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000501788
11. Liang Y, Chen B, Li M, He J, Yin Z, Guo B. Injectable antimicrobial conductive hydrogels for wound disinfection and infectious wound healing. Biomacromolecules. 2020 May 11;21(5):1841-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01732
12. Manniello MD, Moretta A, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Lucchetti D, Vogel H. Insect antimicrobial peptides: Potential weapons to counteract the antibiotic resistance. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2021 May;78(9):4259-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03784-z
13. Jouhar, L., Jaafar, R.F., Nasreddine, R., Itani, O., Haddad, F., Rizk, N. and Hoballah, J.J. Microbiological profile and antimicrobial resistance among diabetic foot infections in Lebanon. International Wound Journal. 2020 17(6):1764-1773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13465
14. Murugaiyan J, Kumar PA, Rao GS, Iskandar K, Hawser S, Hays JP. Progress in alternative strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance: Focus on antibiotics. Antibiotics. 2022 Feb 4;11(2):200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020200
15. Misha, G., Chelkeba, L. and Melaku, T. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates among patients diagnosed with surgical site infection at a tertiary teaching hospital in Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2021, 20:1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-021-00440-z
16. Rossi CC, Pereira MF, Giambiagi-deMarval M. Underrated Staphylococcus species and their role in antimicrobial resistance spreading. Genetics and molecular biology. 2020 Feb 10;43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2019-0065
17. Sadowska JM, Genoud KJ, Kelly DJ, O'Brien FJ. Bone biomaterials for overcoming antimicrobial resistance: Advances in non-antibiotic antimicrobial approaches for regeneration of infected osseous tissue. Materials Today. 2021 Jun 1;46:136-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.12.018
18. Şen Karaman D, Ercan UK, Bakay E, Topaloğlu N, Rosenholm JM. Evolving technologies and strategies for combating antibacterial resistance in the advent of the postantibiotic era. Advanced Functional Materials. 2020 Apr;30(15):1908783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908783
19. Thapa RK, Diep DB, Tønnesen HH. Topical antimicrobial peptide formulations for wound healing: Current developments and future prospects. Acta biomaterialia. 2020 Feb 1;103:52-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.025
20. Yousif MG. Decoding Microbial Enigmas: Unleashing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Analyzing Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens and their Impact on Human Health. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.14790. 2023 Jul 27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.14790
21. Yu ZH, Li X, Xu F, Hu XL, Yan J, Kwon N. A Supramolecular‐Based Dual‐Wavelength Phototherapeutic Agent with Broad‐Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity Against Drug‐Resistant Bacteria. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2020 Feb 24;59(9):3658-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201913506
22. Kasanga, M., Mukosha, R., Kasanga, M., Siyanga, M., Mudenda, S., Solochi, B.B., Chileshe, M., Mwiikisa, M.J., Gondwe, T., Kantenga, T. and Shibemba, A.L. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens: Their distribution in university teaching hospitals in Zambia. Future microbiology. 2021 16(11):811-824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2021-0104
23. Zhong Y, Xiao H, Seidi F, Jin Y. Natural polymer-based antimicrobial hydrogels without synthetic antibiotics as wound dressings. Biomacromolecules. 2020 Jul 16;21(8):2983-3006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00760
24. Zhou Y, Yu L, Nan Z, Zhang P, Kan B, Yan D. Taxonomy, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas isolated from extra-intestinal and intestinal infections. BMC infectious diseases. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3766-0
25. Taati Moghadam M, Khoshbayan A, Chegini Z, Farahani I, Shariati A. Bacteriophages, a new therapeutic solution for inhibiting multidrug-resistant bacteria causing wound infection: lesson from animal models and clinical trials. Drug design, development and therapy. 2020 May 15:1867-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S251171.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nisha Abraham, Madhur Grover, Kollathur Sudheer, Devanshu J. Patel , Samir Sahu, Tarang Bhatnagar (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
