Well-being and Inequalities in Cuba. Study of Validity and Reliability of tests
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2024.423Keywords:
psychometrics, subjective well-being, undergraduate students, social structure, mental healthAbstract
Introduction: The study of inequalities is a subject that concerns professionals, especially psychologists, whose objective is human happiness. In Cuba, there are many researches that analyze the subject from different perspectives. Well-being has not been “measured” from clinical indicators and, in turn, clinical studies have not sufficiently explored its relationship with inequalities - taking into account the heterogeneization and restructuring that has taken place in the Cuban social structure in the last five years.
Methods: The study shared here was aimed at validating the application of 3 questionnaires (WHO-5, Ryff abbreviated and DASS-21) for the measurement of subjective well-being in Cuba. The tests were applied to a sample of Psychology students at the University of Havana. We estimate the reliability of the tests through Cronbach’s α and McDonald´s ω. Construct validity was check with confirmatory factorial analysis based on structural equations models. Focus groups were also conducted with these students.
Results: The results showed that the abbreviated Ryff and DASS-21 are reliable and valid as a construct, and differentiated reports of well-being related to sex. Structural elements related to the country's economy, deterioration of public health, existing regulations or policies, and emigration were placed as sources of discomfort, differentiating their impacts in relation to the place occupied in the social structure.
Conclusions: The abbreviated Ryff and DASS-21 showed good reliability and construct validity. Sociodemographic factors differentiate experiences of well-being, although they do not define them. The subjective qualification of well-being and the mediation of various psychological processes are emphasized. It is possible to train in well-being management tools. These results are important in the current national context because contribute to maintaining hope, impel us not to settle into “subjective management” and to take sides in political dynamics. They alert the need for articulation of the different branches of psychology.
References
1. Zabala M del C, Echevarría León D. Las políticas sociales para la Cuba del 2030: elementos para su diseño e implementación. Economía y Desarrollo [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024];164(2). Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0252-85842020000200011
2. Arata N. Hablemos de desigualdad: sin acostumbrarnos a ella: ocho diálogos para inquietar al pensamiento progresista. [Internet]. Siglo XXI Editores. 2023. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://biblioteca-repositorio.clacso.edu.ar/bitstream/CLACSO/249049/1/Hablemos-de-desigualdad.pdf
3. Zabala Argüelles M del C, Peñate Leiva AI, Díaz Pérez D, Núñez Morales I. Desigualdades sociales en la sociedad cubana actual. Desafíos para la educación. Estudios del Desarrollo Social: Cuba y América Latina [Internet]. 2023. [Accessed 23 August 2024];11(3). Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2308-01322023000300017
4. Gallegos M, Zalaquett C, Luna Sánchez SE, Mazo-Zea R, Ortiz-Torres B, Penagos-Corzo JC, et al. Cómo afrontar la pandemia del Coronavirus (Covid-19) en las Américas: recomendaciones y líneas de acción sobre salud mental. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024];54(1):e1304. Available from: https://journal.sipsych.org/index.php/IJP/article/view/1304
5. Ávila Vidal A, González Hernández K, Lorenzo Ruiz A; Pañellas Álvarez D; Castellanos Cabrera R; Ibarra Musterlier L; Orosa Fraiz T. Contribuciones desde las diferentes áreas de actuación profesional de la Psicología al afrontamiento a la pandemia. In: Colectivo de Autores. Afrontamiento positivo a la COVID-19 y sus implicaciones psicológicas Percepción de riesgo, cuidado, autocuidado y responsabilidad social. [Internet]. Editorial Universidad de La Habana; 2022. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://www.libreriavirtualcuba.com/afrontamiento-positivo-a-la-covid-19-y-sus-implicaciones-psicologicas
6. Lorenzo Ruiz A, Díaz Arcaño K, Zaldívar Pérez D. La psicología como ciencia en el afrontamiento a la COVID-19: apuntes generales. Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 10(1). Available from: http://www.revistaccuba.cu/index.php/revacc/article/view/839
7. Cuadra LH, Florenzano UR. El Bienestar Subjetivo: Hacia una Psicología Positiva. Revista de Psicología [Internet]. 2003. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 12(1):83. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/264/26400105.pdf
8. Lyubomirsky S. Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist [Internet]. 2001. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 56(3):239–49. Available from: https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2022/exploring-the-biological-basis-for-happiness
9. Seligman MEP. Florecer: La nueva psicología positiva y la búsqueda del bienestar. Océano [Internet]. 2016. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://gc.scalahed.com/recursos/files/r161r/w25131w/florecerpt1.pdf
10. Seligman MEP, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction (Internet). American Psychological Association [Internet]. 2000. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://gacbe.ac.in/pdf/ematerial/18BPS6EL-U3.pdf
11. Vázquez C, Hervás G. Salud Mental Positiva: del síntoma al bienestar. In: Psicología Positiva aplicada. Desclee de Brower [Internet]. 2008. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. page 17–39. Available from: https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=0MXyDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false
12. Victoria Viniegras CR. Construcción y validación de una técnica para evaluar bienestar psicológico. 2004 [Tesis de doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud]. La Habana: Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana.
13. Victoria García-Viniegras CR, González Benítez I. La categoría bienestar psicológico: Su relación con otras categorías sociales. Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral [Internet]. 2000. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 16(6):586–92. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-21252000000600010
14. García-Viniegras CRV, López González V, Seuc Jo A. Propuesta metodológica para la evaluación del bienestar psicológico. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala [Internet]. 2004. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 7(2):36–55. Available from: https://www.iztacala.unam.mx/carreras/psicologia/psiclin/2004-2b/vol7no2art4.pdf
15. Hernández Soler G, Ferrer Lozano, DM, Guevara Díaz EL. Bienestar psicológico en niños. Propuesta de indicadores para su estudio. Alternativas Cubanas en Psicología [Internet]. 2016. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 4(12):88–97. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347025346_BIENESTAR_PSICOLOGICO_EN_NINOS_PROPUESTA_DE_INDICADORES_PARA_SU_ESTUDIO
16. Llantá Abreu M del C, Hernández Rodríguez K, Martínez Ochoa Y. Calidad de Vida en cuidadores primarios de pacientes oncopediátricos. Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas [Internet]. 2015. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 14(1):97–106. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2015000100014
17. Oramas A, Santana S, Vergara A. El bienestar psicológico, un indicador positivo de la salud mental. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo [Internet]. 2006. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 7(1/2):34–9. Available from: http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/insat/rst06106.pdf
18. Roca MA. Psicología Clínica una mirada desde la salud humana. La Habana: Editorial Félix Varela 2013.
19. Roca-Perara MA. ¿Psicología positiva… o una mirada positiva de la psicología? Altern Cuba en Psicol [Internet]. 2014. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 2(6). Available from: https://www.alfepsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/alternativas-cubanas-en-psicologia-vol2-N°6.pdf
20. Roca-Perara MA. Psicología positiva o una mirada positiva de la psicología. La Habana, Cuba: Editorial Universidad de La Habana. [Internet]. 2022. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://www.libreriavirtual.cu/psicologia-positiva-o-una-mirada-positiva-de-la-psicologia
21. Sotgiu I, Galati D, Manzano M, Rognoni E. Happiness Components and their Attainment in Old Age: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Italy and Cuba. Journal of Happiness Studies [Internet]. 2011. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 12(3):353–71. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10902-010-9198-6
22. Castellanos Cabrera R. Familias Homoparentales: ¿Puede la Pareja Homosexual Propiciar el Bienestar Psicológico de sus hijos? Alternativas Cubanas en Psicología [Internet]. 2018. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 6(18):23–8. Available from: https://www.alfepsi.org/revista-alternativas-cubanas-en-psicologia-vol6-n18
23. Vega DF, Ruiz AL, Vaillant TZ. Cuidadores Informales Primarios de personas adultas con enfermedades neurológicas crónicas: Aproximaciones desde el Bienestar Psicológico. Wímb lu [Internet]. 2018. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 13(2):71–89. Available from: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/wimblu/article/view/34839/34392
24. Martínez L, Lorenzo A, Llantá MC. Bienestar psicológico en cuidadores de pacientes con enfermedad oncológica. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 46(2):e1748. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662020000200015&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=
25. Hernández-Sampieri R, Mendoza Torres CP. Metodología de la investigación: Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill Interamericana Editores, S.A. [Internet]. 2018. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: http://www.biblioteca.cij.gob.mx/Archivos/Materiales_de_consulta/Drogas_de_Abuso/Articulos/SampieriLasRutas.pdf
26. Şahin M, Aybek E. Jamovi: An Easy to Use Statistical Software for the Social Scientists. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education [Internet]. 2019. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 670–92. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1243495
27. Elosua P, Egaña M. Psicometría aplicada: Guía para el análisis de datos y escalas con jamovi [Internet]. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://web-argitalpena.adm.ehu.es/pdf/USPDF201508.pdf
28. Muñiz J. Introducción a la Psicometría: Teoría clásica y TRI. Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide; 2018. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/handle/10651/54694
29. Xia Y, Yang Y. RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Methods [Internet]. 2019. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 51(1):409–28. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-018-1055-2
30. Field A, Miles J, Field Z. Discovering statistics using R. Los Angeles Calif.: Sage Publications Ltd.; 2012. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. Available from: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/discovering-statistics-using-r/book236067
31. Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics [Internet]. 2015. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 84(3):167–76. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25831962
32. Lara-Cabrera ML, Betancort M, Muñoz-Rubilar A, Rodríguez-Novo N, Bjerkeset O, Cuevas CD las. Psychometric properties of the WHO-5 well-being index among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in three countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2022. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 19(16):10106. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36011741/#:~:text=The%20WHO-5%20demonstrated%20good,-5%20and%20PHQ-2
33. Sischka PE, Costa AP, Steffgen G, Schmidt AF. The WHO-5 well-being index–validation based on item response theory and the analysis of measurement invariance across 35 countries. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 1:100020. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666915320300202
34. López Riera A, Castillo Hornero A, León Leyva L, Caballer Miedes A. Escala Who-5: Validación en personas mayores de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española. Àgora Salut [Internet]. 2022. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. VIII:151–60. Available from: https://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/handle/10234/200360
35. Ryff CD, Keyes CLM. The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [Internet]. 1995. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 69(4):719–27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7473027
36. Arce M, Pérez-Borroto D, Mayea S, Otero I, Guerra V, Pérez O. Validación de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Carol Ryff, en adultos mayores cubanos. Medicentro Electrónica [Internet]. 2023. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 27(2). Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1029-30432023000200012&lng=es&tlng=es.
37. Freire C, Ferradás M del M, Núñez JC, Valle A. Estructura factorial de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en estudiantes universitarios. European Journal of Education and Psychology [Internet]. 2017. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 10(1):1–8. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1888899216300198
38. Nava PB, del Villar OAE, Peña GMG. Psychometric Analysis of the Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales in Students of Four Mexican Universities. Psychology [Internet]. 2018. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 9(13):2685–708. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=89000
39. Lee SH, Choi I, Choi E, Lee M, Kwon Y, Oh B, et al. Psychological well-being and gene expression in Korean adults: The role of age. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 120:104785. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32622293
40. Blanco-Molina M, Pinazo-Hernandis S, Tomás JM. Subjective well-being key elements of Successful Aging: A study with Lifelong Learners older adults from Costa Rica and Spain. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics [Internet]. 2019. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 85:103897. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31398680
41. Calderon Jr R, Nga NT, Tien TQ, Quyen BTT, Thuan NHM, Bao VV. Adapting the ryff scales of psychological well-being: A 28-item Vietnamese version for university students. VNU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities [Internet]. 2019. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 5(2):176–97. Available from: http://journal.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/index.php/vjossh/article/view/452
42. Jurado García PJ, Benitez Hernández ZP, Mondaca Fernández F, Rodríguez Villalobos JM, Blanco Ornelas JR. Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Ryff Scales of Psycological Well-Being in mexican university students. Acta Universitaria [Internet]. 2017. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 27(5):76–82. Available from: https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0188-62662017000500076&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en
43. Castro Paisig JS, Quispe Bustamante S, Palomino Ccasa J, Vílchez Julon J. Ansiedad por coronavirus y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios que retornan a clases presenciales. Revista InveCom [Internet]. 2024. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 4(2). Available from: https://revistainvecom.org/index.php/invecom/article/view/3121
44. Villegas-Maestre JD, Pedraza-Rodríguez EM, Corrales-Reyes IE, Carranza-Esteban RF, Mamani-Benito OJ. Validity and reliability of a depression, anxiety and stress scale in Cuban dental students during the COVID-19. Revista Cubana de Estomatología [Internet]. 2023. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 60(3). Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0034-75072023000300001&lng=en&nrm=iso
45. Downs A, Boucher LA, Campbell DG, Polyakov A. Using the WHO–5 well-being index to identify college students at risk for mental health problems. Journal of College Student Development [Internet]. 2017. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 58(1):113–7. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1127367
46. Burgos-Videla C, Jorquera-Gutiérrez R, López-Meneses E, Bernal C. Life satisfaction and academic engagement in Chileans undergraduate students of the University of Atacama. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2022. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 19(24):16877. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36554756/
47. Araque-Castellanos F, González-Gutiérrez O, López-Jaimes RJ, Nuván-Hurtado IL, Medina-Ortiz O. Bienestar psicológico y características sociodemográficas en estudiantes universitarios durante la cuarentena por SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 23 August 2024]. 39(8). Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55969796012
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Damian Valdés Santiago , Daybel Pañellas Alvarez , Alexis Lorenzo Ruiz (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
