doi: 10.56294/hl2024.44

REVIEW

Knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted infections in Peruvian women’s

Conocimiento y actitud sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres del Perú

Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada¹, Luz Magali Santos Detquizan¹, Janett Chávez Sosa¹, Wilter C. Morales-García¹ *

¹Universidad Peruana Unión. Escuela De Posgrado. Unidad de Posgrado de Ciencias de la Salud. Perú.

²Unidad de Ciencias Empresariales, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Peruana Unión. Lima, Perú.

Cite as: Cortez Zelada MA, Santos Detquizan LM, Chávez Sosa J, Morales-García WC. Knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted infections in Peruvian women’s. Health Leadership and Quality of Life. 2024; 3:.44. https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2024.44

Submitted: 12-10-2023                   Revised: 05-03-2024                   Accepted: 08-09-2024                 Published: 09-09-2024

Editor: PhD. Prof. Neela Satheesh

Corresponding author: Wilter C. Morales-García *

ABSTRACT

Introduction: sexually transmitted infections are a very present problem in society, mainly due to sexually risky behavior in young people and adolescents and a certain section of the population. These infections are transmitted through sexual intercourse of any kind, but mainly due to a lack of knowledge of the population, which is why the objective of this research is to describe the relationship between knowledge and current attitudes about sexually transmitted infections in women in Peru.

Method: a bibliographic review was carried out using the articles retrieved from the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scielo databases, in the period between July and August 2024. External articles were added to the time frame due to their importance for the writing of this article, without the research presenting an update percentage of less than 90 %. A total of 30 references were selected, which specifically fit the topic in question, excluding those with possible biases in their methods.

Development: knowledge includes information about sexually transmitted infections, including their symptoms, types, and prevention measures. It is obtained through teaching, campaigns and specific programs on STIs, which include various pathologies of infectious etiology where sexual transmission is epidemiologically relevant.

Conclusions: sexually transmitted infections are entities that coexist with the daily life of the general population, an element that does not exclude Latin America and much less Peru. Adequate knowledge about the management of these infections by the female community, both students and gynecological-obstetric patients and health personnel, represents a vital need to avoid the risk of infection by pathologies of this nature.

Keywords: Sexually Transmitted Infections; Knowledge; Attitude; Sexuality.

RESUMEN

Introducción: las infecciones de transmisión sexual es una problemática muy presente en la sociedad principalmente por las conductas sexualmente riesgosas en los jóvenes y adolescentes y cierta sección de la población, estas infecciones se transmite a través del acto sexual de cualquier tipo, pero principalmente por un desconocimiento de la población, es por ello que la investigación tiene como objetivo describir la relación que existe entre el conocimiento y las actitudes actuales sobre infecciones de trasmisión sexual de mujeres del Perú.

Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica mediante los artículos recuperados en las bases de datos PubMed, MEDLINE y Scielo, en el periodo comprendido entre julio y agosto de 2024. Se agregaron artículos externos al marco de tiempo, debido a su importancia para la redacción de la presente, sin que la investigación presentara un porciento de actualización inferior al 90 %. Se seleccionaron un total de 30 referencias, las cuales se ajustaban concretamente al tema en cuestión, excluyéndose aquellos con posibles sesgos en sus métodos.

Desarrollo: el conocimiento abarca información sobre las infecciones de transmisión sexual, incluyendo sus síntomas, tipos, y medidas de prevención. Se obtiene a través de la enseñanza, campañas y programas específicos sobre ITS, las cuales comprenden diversas patologías de etiología infecciosa donde la transmisión sexual es epidemiológicamente relevante.

Conclusiones: las Infecciones de transmisión sexual son entidades que conviven con el día a día de la población en general, elemento que no excluye a Latinoamérica y mucho menos a Perú. El adecuado conocimiento sobre el manejo de las mismas por la comunidad femenina, tanto estudiantes como pacientes ginecobstetricas y personal de salud, representa una necesidad vital para la evitar el riesgo de infección por patologías de esta índole.

Palabras clave: Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual; Conocimiento; Actitud; Sexualidad.

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide, more than one million people contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Most of these cases are asymptomatic. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with more than 311,000 deaths from cervical cancer each year. An estimated 374 million people annually contract one of the four most common sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis, while more than 500 million people aged 15-49 years carry genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections.⁽¹⁾

It is now known that more than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Some STIs can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Eight pathogens have the highest incidence of STIs; four of these infections are curable: syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis, while the other four are incurable viral infections: hepatitis B, HSV, HIV, and HPV.⁽²⁾

In a study conducted in Iraq with more than 800 people, significant gaps in knowledge about HIV and other STIs were evident, which need to be addressed during sexuality education, especially in high-risk groups. Negative attitudes and stigmatizing behavior also need to be addressed by increasing specific knowledge about STIs.⁽³⁾

In 2023, a worrisome increase in STIs was observed in Latin America, with infection rates ranging from 15 % to 40 % for syphilis, HIV, and gonorrhea, among others. According to the Pan American Health Organization, there are about 200,000 new STI transmissions per day in the region, all of which are preventable through the correct use of condoms.⁽⁴⁾

Honduras is the Latin American country most affected by AIDS, with a prevalence rate of 1,33 per 1,000 inhabitants, followed by Brazil, Panama, and the Dominican Republic.⁽⁵⁾

Adolescent pregnancy in Latin America continues to increase. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in 2022, Mexico and Colombia had the highest rate of teenage pregnancies among 15-19-year-olds in relation to the population. In Latin America, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 2 out of every ten live births are to teenage mothers, equivalent to approximately 2 million births annually, almost 6,000 per day.⁽⁶⁾

Nationally, only 14 % of men and 8 % of women use condoms in all their sexual relations, according to José Luis Sebastián Mesones, coordinator of Aids Healthcare Foundation Peru and the Andean Region. These data are worrying for public health, as they reflect that condom use has not increased among young people in recent years. Correct use of the male condom is 98 % effective in preventing STIs-HIV/AIDS and 85 % effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies; the female condom is 79 % effective in its common use.⁽⁷⁾

In Peru, young adults under 40 years of age have the highest number of STI infections. However, there is also a considerable percentage of adolescents between 15 and 20 years of age affected due to the early initiation of sexual relations and lack of counseling.⁽⁸⁾

According to the DIRESA Huancavelica Statistics Office, as of July 2023, there were 136 confirmed cases of syphilis, 40 of gonorrhea, 17 of chlamydia, and 202 cases of unspecified STIs, all in young women. Of the 136 syphilis cases, 77 are female, and 59 are male. In addition, 1,894 cases of vaginal discharge syndrome in young women, 41 cases of urethral discharge syndrome in men, and 405 cases of abdominal pain syndrome in women, considered to be the most common symptoms of STIs, were reported.⁽⁹⁾

Therefore, it is important to describe the relationship between current knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted infections among women in Peru.

METHOD

A literature review was carried out using articles retrieved from the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scielo databases between July and August 2024. Filters were used to select articles in Spanish and English. External articles were added to the time frame due to their importance in the writing of this article, without the research being less than 90 % up to date.

The terms ‘’Sexually Transmitted Infections’’, ‘’Knowledge’’, ‘’Attitude’’, and ‘’Sexuality’’ were used, as well as their English translations, which were extracted from the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS). A total of 30 references were selected, which were specifically adjusted to the topic in question, excluding those with possible biases in their methods.

DEVELOPMENT

Avendaño et al.⁽¹⁰⁾ conducted a study in Venezuela with the objective of determining the levels of sexual knowledge and attitudes of a group of pregnant adolescents. The study was observational, using surveys as an instrument, and was carried out with a sample of pregnant adolescents. The results revealed that 62 % of the respondents showed a low level of sexual knowledge. Therefore, the study concluded that, although sexual knowledge was low, most of the adolescents reported favorable sexual attitudes.

Mena⁽¹¹⁾ conducted a study in Ecuador with the objective of determining the level of knowledge about risk factors that lead to sexually transmitted infections in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. The study was of a mixed descriptive type, with a sample of 119 students to whom a questionnaire was applied. The results revealed that 61 % of the students needed a higher level of knowledge about STIs and their risk factors, modes of transmission, and prevention methods. Therefore, the study concluded that there was a significant need to improve STI education in this population.

Madrid et al.⁽¹²⁾ conducted a study in Ecuador with the objective of determining knowledge about STIs and preventive practices among adolescents. The study used a qualitative-quantitative, non-experimental approach, with surveys, focus groups, and a sample of 155 students. The results showed that 56 % of the participants only identified HIV/AIDS, but 97 % understood the forms of infection. Therefore, the study concluded that, although there were relatively high levels of knowledge, risk behaviors persisted.

Reyes⁽¹³⁾ conducted a study in Mexico with the objective of analyzing the level of knowledge about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young people in the Juvenile Detention Center in the city of Esmeraldas. The study was quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional, and surveys were used to collect data. The results showed that 39 % of the youth had general knowledge about the types of STIs, another 39 % had high knowledge about how they are transmitted, and 26 % had erroneous knowledge. Therefore, the study concluded that the level of knowledge about STIs in this population was adequate.

González and Gutiérrez⁽¹⁴⁾ conducted a study in Nicaragua with the objective of determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the prevention of sexually transmitted infections among high school students in six schools. The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional, KAP-type study with a sample of 226 students. The results showed that 96 % had heard of STIs, 77 % had sufficient knowledge, 80 % had a good attitude, and 72 % of those who had initiated sexual relations showed sufficient preventive practices. Therefore, the study concluded that students had sufficient knowledge about STIs and their transmission routes.

National, Regional, and Local Background

Bustamante⁽¹⁵⁾ conducted a study in Peru with the objective of determining the relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in nursing students. The study was observational and analytical, with a sample of 225 nursing students. The results showed that 58,7 % of the students had good knowledge, and 56,4 % showed positive attitudes towards STI prevention. Therefore, the study concluded that knowledge is positively related to attitudes towards STI prevention.

Perca⁽¹⁶⁾ conducted a study in Peru with the objective of determining the relationship between levels of knowledge about STIs and attitudes toward risky sexual behaviors. The study used quantitative methods, with a sample of 81 male students. The results showed that 73 % had a medium level of knowledge about STIs, and 74 % had a favorable attitude. Therefore, the study concluded that students with a high level of knowledge tended to adopt favorable attitudes toward risky sexual behaviors.

Pacheco and Taya⁽¹⁷⁾ conducted a study in Ayacucho, Peru, with the objective of determining knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted infections in male students. The research was applied with quantitative methods and had a relational level with a sample of 115 students. The results showed that a good level of knowledge was associated with a lower percentage of favorable attitudes (0,489, p=0,000). Sixty-three percent had good knowledge. Therefore, the study concluded that knowledge about STI symptoms is related to students’ attitudes.

Lopez⁽¹⁸⁾ conducted a study in Cañete, Peru, with the objective of determining the relationship between the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices about sexually transmitted infections in obstetrics students. The study was non-experimental and correlational, with a sample of 264 students. The results showed that 68,18 % had an average knowledge of STIs, and 61,36 % held a negative attitude. Therefore, the study concluded that STI knowledge levels are associated with attitudes toward STIs and sexual behavior (0,523, p=0,001).

Gonzales⁽¹⁹⁾ conducted a study in Huánuco, Peru, with the objective of determining the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of students in the first cycle of agronomy regarding STIs. The study was descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative, with a sample of 90 students. The results showed that 67,8 % had general knowledge, 58,9 % had a negative attitude, and 68,9 % had adequate STI prevention measures. Therefore, the study concluded that there was no significant statistical relationship between the variables studied.

Knowledge is the set of information that a person acquires through his or her experience, allowing him or her to infer and understand representations of existing facts. It is a conscious process that includes understanding, perceptions, intelligence, and reasoning. In this context, it refers to information about sexually transmitted infections.⁽²⁰⁾

Knowledge is based on scientific and philosophical methodologies, described in terms of abstraction and depth. These methodologies allow us to observe and understand reality, while philosophy helps us to analyze, conceptualize, and synthesize knowledge.⁽²¹⁾

Knowledge about sexually transmitted infections

This type of knowledge encompasses information about sexually transmitted infections, including their symptoms, types, and prevention measures. It is obtained through teaching, campaigns, and specific programs on STIs, which comprise various pathologies of infectious etiology where sexual transmission is epidemiologically relevant.⁽²²⁾

The amount of information women know about STI concepts, types, routes of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, complications, risk factors, and prevention measures is crucial for their understanding and prevention.⁽²³⁾

Dimensions of knowledge

Three dimensions of knowledge are proposed:

1. Symptoms:

- STIs do not always have symptoms or may cause mild symptoms, which can make them difficult to identify without medical testing. However, common symptoms may include unusual discharge, sores, painful urination, itching, and fever (Medline Plus, 2020).

- It is essential to use protection during sex and to be tested regularly for STIs, even in the absence of symptoms.⁽²⁴⁾

2. Sexually transmitted infections:

- STIs are usually transmitted through sexual contact and can be spread without the infected person showing obvious symptoms. In addition, they can be transmitted from mother to child or through blood transfusions and needle sharing.⁽²⁴⁾

3. Preventive measures:

- Prevention is key to avoiding STIs. This includes sexual abstinence or the use of barrier methods such as condoms during any sexual contact. Communication and consensus between partners to practice safe sex are also essential.⁽²⁵⁾

- Regular testing and vaccination against hepatitis B and HPV are additional recommended measures for STI prevention.⁽¹⁾

Dimensions of attitudes about sexually transmitted infections

Zorrilla and Rodriguez⁽²⁶⁾ identify three key dimensions:

1. Initiation of sexual relations:

- Early initiation of sexual activity increases the risk of STIs and other health problems. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time due to tissue susceptibility and possible lack of emotional and educational preparation.

2. Risks:

- Risky sexual behaviors can lead to unplanned pregnancies, STIs, mental health problems, and academic and occupational impairment. These behaviors are more common in adolescents of lower socioeconomic levels, perpetuating social inequalities.⁽²⁷⁾

3. Prevention:

- STI prevention includes the use of barrier methods, such as male and female condoms and latex dental dams. Effective communication and sex education are essential to reduce the risk of transmission.⁽²⁸⁾

-Studies such as the one carried out by Zelada et al.⁽²⁹⁾ express that, in general, the levels of knowledge about STIs/HIV are low in students and part of the population; however, better preparation can be found in females with respect to males. This data is in agreement with other studies⁽³⁰⁾ where, according to surveys and interviews, there is a deficient preparation to face diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

Sexually transmitted infections are entities that coexist in the daily life of the general population, an element that does not exclude Latin America and much less Peru. Adequate knowledge about their management by the female community, both students and gynecobstetric patients and health personnel, represents a vital need to avoid the risk of infection by pathologies of this nature.

REFERENCES

1. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Infecciones de transmisión sexual. OMS. 2022 https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

2. Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2018;68(6),394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492

3. Al-Gburi, G., Al-Shakarchi, A., Al-Dabagh, J. D., & Lami, F. Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward sexually transmitted infections among Baghdad undergraduate students for research-guided sexual health education. Frontiers in Public Health, 2023;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1017300

4. AIDS Healthcare Foundation. Día Internacional del Condón 2023: Una lucha por evitar 200 mil ITS y 6 mil embarazos adolescentes cada día en América Latina y El Caribe. AHF Latam & Caribe - Medicina de Vanguardia e Incidencia Para Las Personas Sin Importar Su Capacidad de Pago. 2023. https://ahflatamycaribe.org/dia-internacional-del-condon-2023/

5. Buela-Casal, G., Bermúdez S, M. P., Sánchez G, A. I., & De los Santos-Roig, M. Situación del VIH/SIDA en Latinoamérica al final del siglo XX: Análisis de las diferencias entre países. Revista Médica de Chile. 2020;129(8). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872001000800015

6. Vargas, N. México y Colombia, los países con las tasas más altas de embarazos en adolescentes. Diario La República. 2023 https://www.larepublica.co/globoeconomia/mexico-y-colombia-los-paises-con-las-tasas-mas-altas-de-embarazos-en-adolescentes-3485577

7. Pérez, J. Solo el 14% de hombres en Perú usa condón durante todas sus relaciones sexuales. 2023. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/02/14/solo-el-14-de-hombres-en-peru-usa-condon-durante-todas-sus-relaciones-sexuales/

8. Andina. Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual: ¿conoce las más comunes y cómo prevenirlas? 2022. https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-infecciones-transmision-sexual-conoce-las-mas-comunes-y-como-prevenirlas-video-905757.aspx

9. Dirección Regional de Salud Huancavelica. “Jóvenes adquieren ITS por inicio de una vida sexual desinformada y temprana.”. 2023 https://www.gob.pe/institucion/regionhuancavelica-diresa/noticias/834586-jovenes-adquieren-its-por-inicio-de-una-vida-sexual-desinformada-y-temprana

10. Avendaño, O Nivel de conocimiento y actitudes sobre sexualidad en mujeres adolescentes Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda. Boletín Médico de Postgrado. 2022;38(2).

11. Mena, E. Nivel de conocimientos sobre factores de riesgo que causan las infecciones de trasmisión sexual en los adolescentes de 15 a 19 años de la Unidad Educativa los Andes del Canton Pillaro en el periodo septiembre 2019-julio 2020. [Universidad Técnica de Ambato]. 2020. https://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/31106

12. Madrid, M., Mesías, E., & Méndez, M. Conocimientos y prácticas para prevención y detección de las infecciones de transmisión sexual en adolescentes. Revista Científica ’’Conecta Libertad’’. 2020;4(1):50–59. https://revistaitsl.itslibertad.edu.ec/index.php/ITSL/article/view/125

13. Reyes, E. Nivel de conocimiento ante infecciones de transmisión sexual de los jóvenes del Centro de Detención De Menores en la Ciudad de Esmeraldas [PUCESE - Escuela de Enfermería]. 2019. https://repositorio.pucese.edu.ec/handle/123456789/2009

14. González, M., & Gutiérrez, M. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual, en estudiantes de secundaria de 6 colegios de la ciudad de León, Nicaragua, marzo a mayo 2019. 2019. http://riul.unanleon.edu.ni:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7493

15. Bustamante, H. Relación entre el conocimiento y actitudes hacía la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual en estudiantes de enfermería, universidad de Huánuco 2019 [Universidad de Huánuco]. 2021. http://200.37.135.58/handle/123456789/2899

16. Perca, L. Relación entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre las infecciones de transmisión sexual y actitudes sobre conductas sexuales riesgosas en estudiantes varones de la UNJBG, Tacna - 2020. [Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann.]. 2020. http://redi.unjbg.edu.pe/handle/UNJBG/4197

17. Pacheco, C., & Taya, S. Conocimiento y actitud de estudiantes varones frente a infecciones de transmisión sexual - Centro Preuniversitario UNSCH setiembre - noviembre 2021 [Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga]. 2021. http://repositorio.unsch.edu.pe/handle/UNSCH/4048

18. López, Y. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual en estudiantes de obstetricia de la Universidad Privada Sergio Bernales. Cañete: 2018 [Universidad Privada Sergio Bernales]. 2019. http://repositorio.upsb.edu.pe/handle/UPSB/182

19. Gonzales, L. Conocimiento actitudes y prácticas sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual en estudiantes del primer ciclo de agronomía, Universidad Agraria de la Selva Tingo María 2018 [Universidad de Huánuco]. 2019. http://repositorio.udh.edu.pe/handle/123456789/2050

20. Sánchez, V. Conocimientos de las madres sobre estimulación temprana y el desarrollo psicomotor de los niños menores de un año atendidos en el centro de salud Baños del Inca, Cajamarca – 2019 [Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca]. 2019. http://190.116.36.86/handle/20.500.14074/4318

21. Cadena, J. Niveles del Conocimiento. Articulostec. 2021. https://sites.google.com/site/articulostec/home/niveles-del-conocimiento

22. Cabrera-Solis, C. M., & Arevalo-Gonzáles, D. C. Conocimiento sobre las infecciones de trasmisión sexual en un colegio público de Huánuco. Revista Peruana de Investigación En Salud. 2019;3(2):55–61. https://doi.org/10.35839/repis.3.2.260

23. Cárdenas, T. Nivel de conocimientos sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres adolescentes, atendidas en el Centro de Salud del Distrito de Huancán, en la Provincia de Huancayo – Junín, 2020 [Universidad Privada de Huancayo Franklin Roosevelt.]. 2020. https://repositorio.uroosevelt.edu.pe/handle/20.500.14140/232

24. Mayo Clinic. Enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS). 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/es-es/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240

25. Planned Parenthood.¿Cómo pueden los Adolescentes prevenir las ETS? 2020. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/para-adolescentes/como-prevenir-un-embarazo-y-las-ets/que-necesito-saber-sobre-ets

26. Zorrilla, W., & Rodríguez, M. Conocimiento y actitudes sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual en estudiantes de secundaria de una institución educativa, Ate Vitarte – 2022 [Iniversidad Roosevelt]. 2022. https://repositorio.uroosevelt.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.14140/1113/TESIS%20RODRIGUEZ%20-%20ZORRILLA.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

27. Revista de Estudios de Juventud. La salud afectivo-sexual de la juventud en España Injuve. 2020. https://www.injuve.es/sites/default/files/adjuntos/2020/01/revista_injuve_123.pdf

28. American Academy of Pediatrics. Prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas sexualmente. 2019. https://www.healthychildren.org/Spanish/health-issues/conditions/sexually-transmitted/Paginas/sexually-transmitted-infections-prevention.aspx

29. Zelada Valdés Adrian, Valdivia Romero Ángel, Saavedra Ramírez Claribel, Oliva Pérez Maritza, González Barroso Marilú. Nivel de conocimientos sobre las Infecciones de Trasmisión Sexual (ITS) y conducta en adolescentes estudiantes de Enfermería. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2014;66(2):295-304. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0375-07602014000200014&lng=es.

30. Pernaz-Linsuy Guillermo, Cárcamo-Cavagnaro César. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la mujer peruana sobre la infección por VIH/SIDA. Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica. 2015;32(4):667-672. http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342015000400006&lng=es.

FUNDING

The authors received no funding for the development of this research.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Luz Magali Santos Detquizan.

Data Curation: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Luz Magali Santos Detquizan.

Formal Analysis: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Luz Magali Santos Detquizan.

Research: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Janett Chávez Sosa.

Methodology: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Janett Chavez Sosa.

Project Management: Luz Magali Santos Detquizan.

Resources: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Janett Chavez Sosa.

Software: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Janett Chavez Sosa.

Supervision: Luz Magali Santos Detquizan, Janett Chavez Sosa.

Validation: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada.

Display: Luz Magali Santos Detquizan, Janett Chávez Sosa.

Editing - original manuscript: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada.

Writing - proofreading - editing: Marley Albemarly Cortez Zelada, Janett Chávez Sosa.